（二）企業(yè)可采取的其他應(yīng)對(duì)措施

如果本次美國(guó)依據(jù)301 條款啟動(dòng)調(diào)查后采取了相應(yīng)的措施，中國(guó)相關(guān)行業(yè)的企業(yè)將可能面臨訂單量減少、在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力下降，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生影響中國(guó)企業(yè)的收入和市場(chǎng)份額等一系列負(fù)面影響。為應(yīng)對(duì)這種情況，中國(guó)相關(guān)企業(yè)應(yīng)積極地采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施，包括積極應(yīng)對(duì)301 調(diào)查、及時(shí)向美國(guó)當(dāng)局申請(qǐng)豁免、調(diào)整市場(chǎng)策略、優(yōu)化成本結(jié)構(gòu)以及尋求政策支持等，以減輕潛在的不利影響。

1.相關(guān)企業(yè)應(yīng)積極參與應(yīng)對(duì)301 調(diào)查

首先，本次調(diào)查涉及行業(yè)的中國(guó)企業(yè)應(yīng)主動(dòng)了解美國(guó)301 條款的規(guī)定，熟悉美國(guó)301 調(diào)查的程序流程以及301 調(diào)查可能帶來(lái)的后果，以便制定有效的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。其次，企業(yè)需要對(duì)本次301 調(diào)查的動(dòng)向與進(jìn)展保持密切的關(guān)注，及時(shí)地采取措施維護(hù)自身權(quán)益。就本次調(diào)查而言，目前已有行業(yè)組織及商會(huì)向USTR提交了聽(tīng)證請(qǐng)求，相關(guān)企業(yè)可以對(duì)此類商業(yè)組織及商會(huì)參與聽(tīng)證會(huì)的準(zhǔn)備工作予以積極配合。后續(xù)，各企業(yè)也可以自己通過(guò)USTR 開放的公眾意見(jiàn)提交通道提交意見(jiàn)，甚至可以聯(lián)系美國(guó)進(jìn)口商，讓美國(guó)進(jìn)口商提交反對(duì)征稅的意見(jiàn)。

2. 積極向美國(guó)當(dāng)局申請(qǐng)豁免

2017 年美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)發(fā)起301 調(diào)查程序并加征關(guān)稅后，USTR曾于2018 年12月出臺(tái)了一項(xiàng)301 條款關(guān)稅的豁免程序。此后USTR又陸續(xù)發(fā)布了多項(xiàng)有關(guān)301條款關(guān)稅豁免的程序�；�于前述程序，企業(yè)有機(jī)會(huì)申請(qǐng)豁免并／或就已有豁免申請(qǐng)退稅。22然而，彼時(shí)USTR引入的該豁免程序是針對(duì)商品的，即只有當(dāng)美國(guó)海關(guān)和邊境保護(hù)局能夠在商品入境時(shí)根據(jù)申請(qǐng)者提供的商品描述識(shí)別并正確分類所涵蓋的商品時(shí)，才會(huì)認(rèn)為此特定商品的豁免請(qǐng)求是可管理的。23考慮到本次301調(diào)查《請(qǐng)?jiān)笗�》中申�?qǐng)采取的措施是對(duì)在港口�？康闹袊�(guó)船舶收費(fèi)，而非傳統(tǒng)的就商品加征關(guān)稅，相較以往針對(duì)于特定商品關(guān)稅的豁免程序可能并不完全適用。

2021 年6 月8 日，美國(guó)參議院通過(guò)的《美國(guó)創(chuàng)新與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法案》（The American Innovation and Competition Act）中包含了《2021 年貿(mào)易法》（The Trade Act of 2021），其中第G 部分第III 篇第73001 條重新規(guī)定了USTR在征收與301 條款相關(guān)的關(guān)稅時(shí)應(yīng)遵循的關(guān)稅豁免程序和步驟。依據(jù)該條規(guī)定，除非在一定條件下，否則貿(mào)易代表應(yīng)建立并維護(hù)處理申請(qǐng)人提出的與301 條款義務(wù)相關(guān)的豁免請(qǐng)求的程序。

建議相關(guān)企業(yè)實(shí)時(shí)關(guān)注本次301 調(diào)查的進(jìn)展，如USTR 后續(xù)就依據(jù)301 條款采取的措施（如有）開放豁免申請(qǐng)入口的，符合條件的企業(yè)可積極申請(qǐng)豁免。

3. 調(diào)整市場(chǎng)策略

相關(guān)企業(yè)應(yīng)積極尋找其他國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，以減少對(duì)美國(guó)市場(chǎng)的依賴。企業(yè)可以特別關(guān)注快速增長(zhǎng)的新興市場(chǎng)如東南亞、非洲、中東和南美，以及政策環(huán)境良好的“一帶一路”國(guó)家，并在目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)調(diào)研，了解當(dāng)?shù)匦枨�。企業(yè)還可以同時(shí)通過(guò)參加國(guó)際貿(mào)易展覽會(huì)、參與行業(yè)論壇、在當(dāng)?shù)卦O(shè)立分支機(jī)構(gòu)等方式，在目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)提升自身知名度，并可以與當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)銷商和代理商建立合作關(guān)系，利用其渠道快速進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。

另外，相關(guān)企業(yè)可以考慮調(diào)整生產(chǎn)流程，將生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行細(xì)分，并將決定原產(chǎn)地歸屬的關(guān)鍵生產(chǎn)步驟轉(zhuǎn)移到其他不受關(guān)稅政策影響的國(guó)家或地區(qū)。通過(guò)這種方式，企業(yè)可以合法利用原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則規(guī)避因美國(guó)采取301 條款措施的影響。

結(jié)論

本次美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)海事、物流和造船領(lǐng)域啟動(dòng)的301 調(diào)查具備相當(dāng)?shù)膯芜呏髁x特征。如果美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表最終依照申請(qǐng)裁定，對(duì)進(jìn)入美國(guó)港口的任何中國(guó)制造的船舶征收港口費(fèi)，則無(wú)疑將給中國(guó)海事、物流和造船行業(yè)造成不利影響。從國(guó)際法的角度來(lái)看，美國(guó)基于其國(guó)內(nèi)法的規(guī)定采取行動(dòng)，事實(shí)上違反了WTO的相關(guān)規(guī)定。在當(dāng)今全球化的背景下，國(guó)際社會(huì)普遍主張各國(guó)通過(guò)多邊機(jī)制，而不是采取單邊行動(dòng)解決貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端，以確保貿(mào)易秩序的穩(wěn)定和公平。因此，美國(guó)單方面啟動(dòng)301 調(diào)查的行為不僅損害了中美雙邊關(guān)系的和諧發(fā)展，也將對(duì)全球貿(mào)易體系的有序運(yùn)行造成不利影響。

面對(duì)本次調(diào)查，中國(guó)企業(yè)應(yīng)及時(shí)采取有效的應(yīng)對(duì)措施，最大程度降低美國(guó)301調(diào)查等措施產(chǎn)生的不利影響。中方則應(yīng)該采取積極的態(tài)度，通過(guò)合法途徑進(jìn)行反擊，采取必要的法律救濟(jì)措施，捍衛(wèi)自身的合法權(quán)益。同時(shí)，中方也應(yīng)該倡導(dǎo)并積極參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易規(guī)則的完善和制定，推動(dòng)國(guó)際社會(huì)形成更加公平、透明和有效的貿(mào)易體系。通過(guò)堅(jiān)定地捍衛(wèi)國(guó)際貿(mào)易規(guī)則和原則，維護(hù)自身利益，并為國(guó)際貿(mào)易秩序的穩(wěn)定與發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。

注釋：

1 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/19/2412

2 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/19/2411

3 https://comments.ustr.gov/s/

4 https://comments.ustr.gov/s/docket?docketNumber=USTR-2024-0004

5https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/USTR%20Report%20Four%20Year%20Review%20of%20China%20Tech%20Transfer%20Section%20301.pdf

6https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/05/14/fact-sheet-president-biden-takesaction-to-protect-american-workers-and-businesses-from-chinas-unfair-trade-practices/

7 見(jiàn)《請(qǐng)?jiān)笗�》�?頁(yè)：China has seized market share, suppressed prices, and created a worldwide network of ports and logistics infrastructure that threaten to discriminate against U.S. ships and shipping companies, disrupt supply chains, and undermine vital national security interests.

8 見(jiàn)《請(qǐng)?jiān)笗�》�?12頁(yè)：The five elements of the requested remedy include: (1) a fee on vessels built in China that dock at U.S. ports to offset China’s unfair practices and create an incentive to eliminate those practices; (2) the establishment of a shipbuilding revitalization fund with proceeds from the fee to support investments in the domestic shipbuilding industry’s capacity, supply chains, and workforce; (3) actions to support stronger demand for U.S.-built vessels in light of unfair competition from China; (4) actions to address China’s drive to dominate port and logistics infrastructure platforms and equipment; and (5) negotiations with other major shipbuilding countries to address any concerns about their own government support programs and coordinate measures to address China’s unfair practices.

9 見(jiàn)《請(qǐng)?jiān)笗�》�?14頁(yè)：To obtain the elimination of China’s acts, policies, and practices to dominate global maritime trade and logistics, USTR（United States Trade Representative） should impose a fee on every Chinese-built vessel that docks at a United States port.

10 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/19/chapter-4/subtitle-IV

11 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds152_e.htm

12 https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=Q:/WT/DS/152R.pdf&Open=True

13 https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/543R.pdf&Open=True

14 https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/543RA1.pdf&Open=True

15 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds565_e.htm

16 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds587_e.htm

17 https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1796993741582349948&wfr=spider&for=pc

18 Judith Hippler Bello, Alan F. Holmer, Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974: Requirements, Procedures, and Developments, 7 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 633 (1985-1986) 參見(jiàn)其腳注166：”As a result of consultations, the Korean Government agreed to promote more open competition in its insurance market. On Dec. 19, 1980, petitioner withdrew its petition, and on Dec. 29, USTR terminated its investigation. 45 Fed. Reg. 85,539 (USTR 1980) (termination).” Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230966863.pdf

19 Page 11. Jean H. Grier, The Use of Section 301 to Open Japanese Markets to Foreign Firms, 17 N.C. J. INT'L L. 1 (1992). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol17/iss1/1

20 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1581

21 https://www.cit.uscourts.gov/sites/cit/files/23-35.pdf

22 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/pqxDovSsZNEM_cm2tL0lcA

23https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/enforcement/301Investigations/Section%20301%20Exclusion%20Request%20Guidelines.pdf

萬(wàn)商天勤（上海）律師事務(wù)所黃顥律師團(tuán)隊(duì)原創(chuàng)作品，授權(quán)國(guó)際船舶網(wǎng)發(fā)布。